Data Schema Reference

International Standard Data Schema

The standard data schema references commonly used in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) include:

1. ISO/IEC 11179 – Metadata Registries (MDR)
   • Standard for data element specification, registration, and management.
2. ISO 8000 – Data Quality
   • Focuses on data quality and semantic interoperability standards.
3. ISO/IEC 19763 – Metamodel Framework for Interoperability
   • Defines a standardized metamodel framework for data interoperability.
4. ISO/IEC 27000 series – Information Security Management
   • Includes standards for data security and privacy management.
5. ISO 15926 – Integration of Lifecycle Data for Process Plants
   • Schema and taxonomy for exchanging lifecycle data in industrial contexts.

For general-purpose and flexible schema standardization, ISO/IEC 11179 and ISO 8000 are the most commonly referenced.

Vendor specific data schema

1. Salesforce

• Standard Schema: Salesforce Object Model (SObjects)
• Reference: Salesforce Schema Builder
• Key features:
  • Standardized Objects (Account, Contact, Lead, Opportunity, etc.)
  • Custom objects & fields
  • Metadata-driven architecture

2. Oracle

• Standard Schema: Oracle Fusion Data Model, Oracle E-Business Suite (EBS) schema
• Reference: Oracle Fusion Data Model
• Key features:
  • Relational and multidimensional structures
  • Comprehensive ERP schema (Financials, HR, SCM)
  • Integration with Oracle Cloud

3. Microsoft

• Standard Schema: Microsoft Common Data Model (CDM)
• Reference: Microsoft Common Data Model
• Key features:
  • Standardized entity definitions (e.g., Accounts, Contacts, Products)
  • Integration across Microsoft Dynamics 365 and Power Platform
  • Schema interoperability with Azure Data Lake

4. Google

• Standard Schema: Google Data Schema, Protocol Buffers (ProtoBuf)
• Reference: Google Protocol Buffers
• Key features:
  • Flexible, language-neutral data serialization format
  • Efficient data interchange
  • Used extensively in APIs, microservices, and cloud storage

5. Apple

• Standard Schema: Apple CloudKit Schema
• Reference: Apple CloudKit
• Key features:
  • Schema definition for iOS and macOS cloud-based apps
  • Flexible record types and fields
  • Integrates seamlessly with Apple’s ecosystem (Core Data, SwiftUI)

Opensource Data Schema

JSON Schema

• Languages: JavaScript, Python, Java
• Use: Validating and documenting JSON data structures.
• Reference: json-schema.org

2. Protocol Buffers (Protobuf)

• Languages: Java, Python, JavaScript
• Use: Efficient binary serialization format for structured data exchange.
• Reference: protobuf.dev

3. Apache Avro

• Languages: Java, Python, JavaScript
• Use: Binary serialization format with schema evolution capabilities, commonly used in big data platforms.
• Reference: avro.apache.org

4. YAML Schema

• Languages: Python, JavaScript, Java
• Use: Human-readable data serialization format often used for configuration files.
• Reference: yaml.org

5. XML Schema (XSD)

• Languages: Java, Python, JavaScript
• Use: Validation and standardization of XML data.
• Reference: w3.org/XML/Schema

6. GraphQL Schema

• Languages: JavaScript, Java, Python
• Use: Schema-based query language for APIs, describing data types and relationships.
• Reference: graphql.org

7. OpenAPI Schema

• Languages: Java, Python, JavaScript
• Use: Specification for defining RESTful APIs, documenting endpoints, request, and response structures.
• Reference: openapis.org

Recommended Usage by Programming Language:

Language	Commonly Used Schemas
Java	JSON Schema, XML Schema, Protocol Buffers, Avro
JavaScript	JSON Schema, GraphQL Schema, OpenAPI, YAML
Python	JSON Schema, YAML, Protocol Buffers, Avro, OpenAPI

These schemas help ensure interoperability, consistency, and maintainability across various software systems and services.

Schema.org

Schema.org is a widely-used, collaborative, open-source vocabulary designed to structure data on web pages, enabling better understanding by search engines, digital assistants, and other applications.

Key Features:

• Standardized Vocabulary: Defines structured data types and properties (e.g., Person, Product, Event).
• Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Improves visibility and appearance in search results (rich snippets).
• Machine-Readable Data: Enables interoperability between systems and platforms.

Supported Data Formats:

• JSON-LD (recommended)
• Microdata
• RDFa

Commonly Used Types:

• Creative Work: Book, Movie, Article
• Event: Concert, Conference
• Organization: Corporation, GovernmentOrganization
• Person: Author, Actor
• Place: LocalBusiness, Restaurant
• Product: Offer, Review

Basic Example (JSON-LD):

jsonCopyEdit{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Book",
  "name": "Example Book",
  "author": {
    "@type": "Person",
    "name": "John Doe"
  },
  "datePublished": "2025-03-06",
  "isbn": "123-4567890123",
  "publisher": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "Example Publisher"
  }
}

Major Contributors and Users:

• Google
• Microsoft
• Yahoo!
• Yandex

Reference and Documentation:

• Official website: schema.org
• Developer documentation: schema.org/docs

Schema.org provides a universal data schema optimized for web content, helping ensure broad compatibility and effective data usage across platforms and technologies.

Comparisons with Other Libraries:

Structured Data Schema	Activity & Adoption Level	Primary Use Case
Schema.org	🟢 Very High (most active)	Web-based structured data & SEO
JSON Schema	🟢 High	Data validation & documentation
OpenAPI	🟢 High	API definition & documentation
Protocol Buffers	🟢 High	Data serialization for APIs
Apache Avro	🟡 Moderate-High	Big data & streaming platforms
XML Schema (XSD)	🟡 Moderate	Legacy & enterprise applications